Savremeni modeli institucionalne konfiguracije vlasti

Abstract

In any democratic political system it is essential but extremely difficult to choose an appropriate, applicable and democratically functioning model of institutional power. Having in mind broad social circles and a specific political setting, the author compares the basic characteristics of the dominant models or forms of horizontal organization of power: parliamentary and presidential. The aim of this paper is to point out the basic theoretical models of organized power and the existing models of constitutional-legal and political experience. Although the institutional mechanism of power could be organized in many different ways, two basic models or ideal types shown in political reality through different modalities can be singled out. They are parliamentary and presidential systems. It is believed that parliamentary system deserves treatment as a special, ideal type while the author considers it as a more modified variant of parliamentary government. The democratization of society and the degree of pluralism in the political system determine significantly the nature and the character of the horizontal organization of power. Pointing out the general tendency to strengthen the executive over other branches of power and the general democratization of politics, the author considers that, in practice, all over the world some transitional and hybrid forms of organized power function strongly revealing a prevalence of executive power and the influence of the state. For most countries in transition the most acceptable institutional mechanism of power and at the same time the most efficient and the most stable is a kind of semi-presidential and multi-party setup, while in West European parliamentary, pluralist democracies different forms of parliamentary or semi cabinet systems function: from a British Prime Ministerial political formula and German Chancelory democracy, through the Swiss cooperative-conciliatory type, to French rationalized parliamentarism.

Uređivanje horizontalne ravni organizacije političke vlasti spada u red ključnih i najsloženijih pitanja političke teorije i prakse već više vekova. Izuzetan značaj ovog pitanja dobro su fokusirala i istakla dva velikana političke misli: Valter Bedžot u drugoj polovini prošlog veka i Karl Fridrih sto godina kasnije. Od pravilnog odbira političko-institucionalnog aranžmana vlasti u dobroj meri zavisi egzistencija, priroda, karakter i, donekle, sudbina države. Rad je posvećen razmatranju i teorijskom propitivanju savremenih model a horizontalne organizacije vlasti. Cilj rada je da ukaže na neke prednosti i mane dominirajućih modela institucionalnog ustrojstva vlasti i savremene ustavno-pravne empirije.